Captain Benjamin Franklin "Hawkeye" Pierce is the lead fictional character in the M*A*S*H novels, film, and
television series. The character was played by Donald Sutherland in the film and Alan Alda on television.
About the character
Born and raised in Crabapple Cove, Maine, Hawkeye is (according to the TV series) the son of Dr. Daniel
Pierce. According to the novels, his father is "Big Benjy" Pierce. He attended Androscoggin College, where
he played football and intercepted a Hail Mary pass thrown by Dartmouth quarterback John McIntyre. After
his medical residency in Boston, Hawkeye is drafted into the U. S. Army and called to serve at the 4077th
Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH) during the Korean War. Between long, intense sessions of treating
critically wounded patients, he makes the best of his life in an isolated Army camp with heavy drinking,
carousing, and pulling pranks on the people around him, especially the unpleasantly stiff and callous
Major Frank Burns and Major Margaret "Hot Lips" Houlihan.
"Hawkeye"
The film established that Pierce’s nickname of "Hawkeye" was given to him by his father. It comes from
the novel The Last of the Mohicans, which Pierce initially claimed was the only book his father ever read
to him. In the book, it is the only book his father ever read.
In an episode of the TV series in which Hawkeye believed himself to be in mortal danger due to heavy
enemy shelling, he made out a will and left Colonel Sherman T. Potter (whom Hawkeye stated was like
a father) the edition of The Last of the Mohicans that his father had given him. "It was his favorite book,"
Hawkeye wrote in the will.
Changes in the character
Although the Robert Altman film followed Hooker’s book somewhat in structure, much of the dialogue
was improvised and thus departed even from Ring Lardner, Jr.’s screenplay. The screenplay itself
departed from the book in a number of details (e.g. Frank Burns became a major instead of a captain,
and was identified with Major Hobson, the zealously religious officer that Pierce and bunkmate Trapper
John McIntyre got removed from their tent and, subsequently, the camp), but on the whole, the main
characters and mood were left intact.
Perhaps the biggest change in Hawkeye’s characterization from the book, to the big screen and finally to the
small screen comes in his marital status. The Hawkeye of the book is married to Evelyn Pierce with children
(according to the sequels) and faithful while in Korea (as far as the reader is concerned). He offers several
doctors love advice, "Jeeter" Carol for example, extolling the virtues of extramarital sex but never partaking
himself. The film version of Hawkeye is still married, but gives himself more moral leeway, arguing that he is
far from home, no one is ever going to know, and it will reduce stress for both involved. Finally, the film’s
Hawkeye was transformed into the womanizing and single Hawkeye of the TV series.
Richard Hooker, who wrote the book on which the show (and the film version) was based, noted that
Hawkeye was far more liberal in the TV show (in one of the sequel books, Hawkeye facetiously makes
reference to "kicking the bejesus out of lefties just to stay in shape").
Hawkeye in the television series
The television version of Hawkeye proved to be a somewhat different character: While his professional
and social life was much the same, he also gradually evolved into a man of conscience trying to maintain
some humanity and decency in the insane world into which he has been thrust. This was to a large extent
due to actor Alan Alda’s influence, as he infused the character with some of his political ideals and morals.
Some fans regretted the change in Hawkeye, feeling that he eventually became too self-righteous and
sanctimonious for his own good and the good of the show, and profess that Hawkeye worked better as a
sardonic goofball.
Developed for television by Larry Gelbart, the series departed in some respects radically from the film
and book. The character of Duke Forrest was dropped altogether, and Hawkeye became the center of
the MASH unit’s medical activity as well as the dramatic center of the series itself. In the book and the film,
the Chief Surgeon had been "Trapper" John McIntyre; in the series, Pierce had that honor. In the book and
the film, Hawkeye had played football in college (Androscoggin College, based on Hornberger’s alma
mater Bowdoin College); in the series, Alda’s Hawkeye was hardly the football-champ type and even
seemed proud of it and reveled in it, while his cohort Wayne Rogers’ Trapper looked sturdy enough to
have played football. He seemed to resemble Groucho Marx, with his quick wit and "madcap" antics,
sometimes even affecting a Groucho-like schtick.
As noted above, Hawkeye had been married in the book and the film. Near the beginning of the series, he
claimed to be married, though this may have been a ploy on his part to get out of marrying a nurse he had
been involved with. Presumably this alteration rendered his romantic dalliances (chiefly with nurses) more
morally acceptable in the eyes of Gelbart and the other series officials. (In general, Gelbart tried to make the
series less deliberately offensive and more "politically correct" than the film while nevertheless retaining
some of its anarchic spirit.) Also, in early episodes, Hawkeye tells his father (Daniel) in a letter to say hello
to his mother and sister, but in later episodes, he is an only child and his mother died when he was young.
There is also a reference in the episode "Dear Dad," where he wrote a letter to his father, that their home is
in Vermont and also in the Season 1 episode "Ceasefire," but all other references, including in the book
and film, are to Hawkeye being from Maine. Most episodes refer to the senior Pierce as a physician, but
in at least one episode, BJ addresses him over the telephone as "Mr. Pierce."
After the war
At the end of the television series, Hawkeye was the second-to-last to leave the dismantled camp with the
announced goal of returning to his hometown of Crabapple Cove, Maine, to be a local doctor who has the
time to get to know his patients instead of the endless flow of casualties he faced in his term of service.
In Hooker’s two sequels to M*A*S*H: A Novel About Three Army Doctors, M*A*S*H Goes to Maine and
M*A*S*H Mania, Hawkeye returns to live in Crabapple Cove, near to the town of Spruce Harbour, Maine
(also a fictitious town). Having left the Army, Hawkeye is established to be working for the Veterans
Administration. In May 1954 he is laid off. At this point, Hawkeye doesn’t have much money in the bank,
is 31 years old, and has three children: Billy, Stephen and Karen.
The day he’s released, Trapper John comes to visit and sets Hawkeye’s future in motion. Trapper John,
a Lieutenant in the medical organization of Maxie Neville in New York City arranges for further thoracic
training for Hawkeye, first in the East Orange VA Hospital in New Jersey, then at St Lombard’s in
Manhattan from July 1954. After two years Hawkeye breezes through the Thoracic Boards. At the
end of his training in June 1956, two Spruce Harbour locals, Jocko Allcock (the man who was responsible
for Hawkeye being fired by the VA) and "Wooden Leg" Willcox (the local fish magnate) come to visit
Hawkeye to set him up in practice, by betting favorably on the outcome of his operations.
The first operation with Trapper John’s assistance (upon Pasquale Merlino) is a success, and thanks to his
superior training Hawkeye becomes the local surgeon. As time goes by, Hawkeye is given more patients
by the local general practitioner of note, "Doggy" Moore; goes into private practice with ex-Spitfire pilot Tony
Holcombe and plots the eventual reuniting of the Swamp Gang. By 1959 Hawkeye has lured Duke Forrest,
Trapper John and Spearchucker Jones into his net, and thanks to the proceeds of the "Allcock-Willcox"
syndicate, a new "Finestkind Fishmarket and Clinic" is set up along with the new Spruce Harbor General
Hospital.
In the twenty year period described in Hooker’s two sequel novels, Hawkeye becomes notably more
conservative politically (he supported Republican "Crazy Horse" Weinstein for governor of Maine and
railed against people with "Recall Ford" bumper stickers), but remains as playful and humorous as ever.
His golf game improves to an eight handicap depending on the time of year. He donates heavily to various
causes, such as to needy children, to the re-education of a local clamdigger, and spends an inordinate
amount of time caring for his patients.
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What is the most fun thing to do in Crabapple Cove, Maine?
sunbathe and fish - Carl H.
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